Pathogenesis and immunity of cytomegalovirus Biology essay
Abstract. Viruses have co-evolved with their hosts and have acquired strategies to subvert host cellular pathways for effective viral replication and spread. Human, In this review we discuss the immune responses to HCMV and the countermeasures taken by the virus, establishing latency and reactivation. In this review, we discuss the immune responses to HCMV and the countermeasures taken by the virus, establishing latency and reactivation. The immune control of CMV at each stage recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immunomodulatory strategies that help facilitate disease progression. The central concepts of HCMV pathogenesis that link the various disease associations are viremia, the threshold relationship between the viral and disease, and immune pressure. Human cytomegalovirus HCMV is a betaherpesvirus with a global seroprevalence of -90. HCMV is the leading cause of congenital infections and human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, is a ubiquitous pathogen associated with a high risk of morbidity in immunosuppressed and immunodeficient patients, and is one of the leading viral causes. Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, is the most common cause of congenital infections and is an important pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Despite this, human cytomegalovirus HCMV is a recognized cause of disease in the fetus, transplant recipients and in AIDS patients. More recently it has been recognized as: An overview is provided of conventional antiviral clinical approaches and their mechanisms of action, and an overview of proposed and under development new INTRODUCTION. The spectrum of human diseases caused by cytomegalovirus CMV is diverse and largely dependent on the host. CMV infections in immunocompromised patients cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially among transplant recipients and those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus HIV. It has been suggested that immune responses against cytomegalovirus may play a role in controlling and exacerbating destructive periodontitis. Summary Human periodontitis is associated with a wide range of bacteria and viruses and with complex innate and adaptive immune responses. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella, Cytomegalovirus CMV remains an important cause of congenital infections and diseases during pregnancy. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of CMV in pregnancy continues to improve with the application of new technologies and interventional studies. However, a number of outstanding questions remain: 1. Introduction. Chikungunya virus CHIKV is the responsible causative agent of chikungunya fever, a debilitating arthritic disease in humans. Acute infection of CHIKV is generally characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, myalgia, and headache, progressing to severe and chronic arthralgia in some patients lasting for years. Human cytomegalovirus HCMV, a widespread β-herpesvirus, is an important pathogen. cause of birth defects and opportunistic infections in HIV-1 AIDS patients. HCMV exhibits a complex system-wide modulation of the human cell proteome. An impressive array of interactions between virus and host protein take place during infection. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease once endemic to West and Central Africa, caused by the monkeypox virus. However, cases have recently been confirmed in many non-endemic countries outside Africa. At the,